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FY 2025-16, Whats New for Illinois Income Taxes

Progreso — Wed, 04 Dec 2024 12:03:16 +0000

For the 2024 tax year, Illinois offers a personal exemption allowance of $2,775 per individual, totaling $5,550 for married couples filing jointly. The 2.11% effective property tax rate in Illinois is second-highest in the nation, behind only New Jersey. That means the typical homeowner in the Prairie State pays 2.11% of their home value in property taxes. The difference between the exemption allowance and the standard deduction is that you can still take it even if you have other subtractions from your income, as mentioned above. With the standard deduction, generally speaking, you have to choose whether to take it or add up your itemized deductions and claim those instead. Your Illinois income includes the adjusted gross income (AGI) amount figured on your federal return, plus any additional income that must be added to your AGI.

Income Tax Brackets, Rates, Income Ranges, and Estimated Taxes Due

Itemized and standard deductions are not allowed in Illinois, which is consistent with the state’s flat tax system. Taxpayers are allowed to claim personal exemptions of $2,375 as of the 2021 tax year—the return filed in 2022. Estimated tax payments are payments of income tax that are required to be paid evenly throughout the year.

Illinois: Federal Retirement Plan Thresholds in 2023

If you (or your spouse if married filing jointly) were 65 or older, check the appropriate box(es). Multiply the number of boxes checked by $1,000 and enter the https://www.bookstime.com/ amount on Line 10b. Illinois’ individual income tax increased from 3.75% to 4.95% on July 1, 2017.

Withholding Income Tax

Illinois also has reciprocity with the neighboring states of Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan and Wisconsin, which means those states don’t tax Illinois residents who work within their borders. So if you live in Illinois and work in Iowa, Kentucky, Michigan or Wisconsin, you’ll pay tax to your home state. The Illinois K-12 education expense credit can knock up to $750 off your tax bill if you spent more than $250 on qualified education expenses. See the instructions for Schedule M to see if you are eligible for other subtractions. To find out if the Illinois Department of Revenue has illinois income tax rate initiated the refund process for your current year refund.

In addition to the Illinois corporate income tax, Illinois corporations must also pay the federal corporate income tax.
Dividend income you received, other than business dividend income, is not taxed by Illinois.
The state’s Schedule M offers a full list of the additions and subtractions that the state recognizes.
However, if you are filing as a resident or a part-year resident, you may be allowed to take a credit against Illinois Income Tax for income tax you paid to another state.
If you received a refund from business taxes, you must include any refund you received as a nonresident to the extent that the original deduction was allocated to Illinois.
Interest income you received while you were a nonresident, other than business interest income, is not taxed by Illinois.

What Income Is Taxable in Illinois

Entities or individuals receiving a pass-through withholding credit or a PTE tax credit receive Schedule K-1-P as a partner or shareholder or Schedule K-1-T as a beneficiary in a pass-through entity. Members may claim credit on their own Illinois income tax return for pass-through withholding reported and paid on their normal balance behalf. Any entity receiving the PTE tax credit that is not itself a pass-through entity, must report the PTE tax credit in the payment section of its own return. If the entity receiving the PTE tax credit is itself a pass-through entity, then the credit is passed through to its members based on each member’s distributive share and reported on Schedule K-1-P or Schedule K-1-T.

Illinois State Taxes: What You’ll Pay in 2025

Schedule K-1-P(3) and Schedule K-1-T(3) are used to calculate the required tax a pass-through entity must report and pay on behalf of its nonresident members that receive business or nonbusiness income from the pass-through entity.
Employers in Illinois must withhold state income tax from employees’ wages based on Form IL-W-4, Employee’s Illinois Withholding Allowance Certificate, and remit these amounts to the Illinois Department of Revenue.
Include earnings distributed from Internal Revenue Code (IRC) Section 529 college savings and tuition programs and ABLE accounts, if these earnings are not included in your adjusted gross income on Form IL-1040, Line 1.
These extensions do not grant you an extension of time to pay any tax you owe.

Instruction how to only prepare a IL state return on eFile.com and then download, print sign and mail it in. Schedule M, Other Additions and Subtractions for Individuals, allows you to figure the total amount of additions you must include on Form IL-1040, Individual Income Tax Return, Line 3 and subtractions you may claim on Form IL-1040, Line 7. Profit and prosper with the best of Kiplinger’s advice on investing, taxes, retirement, personal finance and much more. Residents of Illinois must pay sales tax on items that are tax-exempt in some other states. Profit and prosper with the best of expert advice on investing, taxes, retirement, personal finance and more – straight to your e-mail.

Underpayment can result in penalties based on the amount owed and the number of days late.
Enter the amount of business expenses you deducted this year for which the related compensation is allocable to Illinois.
Investment income—such as interest, dividends, and capital gains—is taxable if reported on a federal return.
According to the Tax Foundation, the average effective property tax rate in Illinois is 1.95%, which is one of the highest rates in the country, and median property taxes are over $5,000.
If you received income from an Illinois trust or estate, that entity is required to send you an Illinois Schedule K-1-T, Beneficiary’s Share of Income and Deductions.
On the state level, you can claim allowances for Illinois state income taxes on Form IL-W-4.
Based on the information provided by the pass-through entity and any other Illinois-based income, you must determine your own Illinois tax liability.

A bigger paycheck may seem enticing, but smaller, more frequent paychecks can make it easier to budget without coming up short by the end of the month. For each pay period, your employer will withhold 6.2% of your earnings for Social Security taxes and 1.45% of your earnings for Medicare taxes. Together these are called FICA taxes, and your employer will pony up a matching contribution. Localities can add as much as 4.75%, and the average combined rate is 8.890%, according to the Tax Foundation. A financial advisor can help you understand how taxes may impact your overall financial goals. SmartAsset’s free tool matches you with up to three vetted financial advisors who serve your area, and you can have a free introductory call with your advisor matches to decide which one you feel is right for you.

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How to renew an ITIN Internal Revenue Service

Progreso — Tue, 29 Oct 2024 08:19:28 +0000

Tax laws and regulations are subject to change, and the IRS may update its policies regarding ITINs. It’s important to stay informed about any potential changes to the ITIN program. You can do itin expired numbers this by checking the IRS website periodically or subscribing to IRS updates.

You’re advised to complete this form as soon as you are ready to file your first federal tax return.
You can call to make an appointment at the designated center, and you will then go for identity authentication in person.
Documents must be current, as expired ones will not be accepted.
A copy of this form should be attached to your return as well.

Staying informed through the website can help you understand potential issues affecting your renewal. You only need to renew your ITIN if it has already expired and you are required to file a tax return. No, if you are renewing your existing ITIN, you do not need to send your tax return with the Form W-7 renewal application. Those who renewed their ITIN in response and filed a return are not required to renew again.

He is professional, efficient, trustworthy, knowledgeable and truly goes above and beyond. Once you’ve gathered the relevant documents, you’ll have to turn them over to the IRS with your application. There are, however, some caveats; for instance, some documents require a photo, whereas others do not, and passports require a date of entry to be accepted.

Can an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number Be Used for Identification Purposes?

It is crucial to renew your ITIN before attempting to file your tax return to avoid these potential complications. Ignoring an expired ITIN can lead to significant problems with the IRS. The IRS will send taxpayers who try to file tax returns with an expired ITIN a notice about the renewal requirement.

Last Call on These Popular Tax Deductions

This is particularly true if the dependent is also a foreign national who does not have a Social Security Number (SSN) and is being claimed as a dependent on a U.S. tax return. For example, if a foreign national parent is claiming their child as a dependent, and the child does not have an SSN, the child will need an ITIN. This allows the parent to properly claim the dependency exemption and any related tax benefits. The ITIN is used solely for tax reporting purposes and does not grant the dependent any other rights or benefits in the U.S.

Q13: Can I check if my ITIN is expired via the IRS website?

You may not be able to claim certain credits unless your ITIN is renewed. This may result in a reduced refund or penalties and interest. It’s important to keep in mind that the above time frames are estimates and that it may take a longer or shorter time to process your ITIN application.

ITIN and Tax Professionals

Now and then, ITINs need to be renewed because they expired. The IRS usually announces the number of ITINs that are set to expire. Not renewing your ITIN early enough will put you at risk of delays for tax returns. If you fail to renew your expired ITIN, you may encounter issues when filing your taxes. Avoiding these issues makes renewing your ITIN a priority. The renewal process involves submitting Form W-7, Application for IRS Individual Taxpayer Identification Number, along with the required documentation to the IRS.

How to complete form W-7

You can contact the IRS directly or review your tax records to determine if your ITIN has expired or is still valid. This step is essential to avoid any filing complications. Born with a U.S. citizenship but never filed tax returns? After submitting your ITIN renewal application, track its progress by contacting the IRS toll-free helpline. Provide details like your submission date and any reference numbers.

Understanding the renewal process is essential for anyone facing ITIN expiration. Individual Taxpayer Identification Number expiration is a critical aspect of ITIN usage. You can renew your ITIN when filing your federal tax return if it has already expired or if you have passed the 4 to 5-year timeline since you were issued the ITIN for the first time. You’ll have to submit the year’s tax return document along with Form W-7. This helps the IRS verify which year you are filing your taxes with your ITIN. This includes documents like Form 1040, Form 1040A, and Form 1040EZ.

Submitting early can prevent processing delays that might interfere with timely tax filing. The IRS does not charge a fee for renewing an ITIN, but late renewals could result in penalties or interest on unpaid taxes due to delayed processing. Unfortunately, you may have discovered that your ITIN has or will be expiring this year. The good news is you’ve already gone through this process before; renewing an ITIN is exactly the same as applying for a new one. First, you’ll fill out a Form W-7, which is used to apply for an Individual Tax Identification Number. Then, you’ll attach this form and supporting documents to your US tax return and mail them to the IRS ITIN Operations Center.

An Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) is essential for foreign nationals and resident aliens who have U.S. tax obligations but do not qualify for a Social Security Number (SSN). It is used to file various tax forms, including individual income tax returns (Form 1040), and to report income to the IRS. When filing your tax return, you must include your ITIN on the appropriate forms. This allows the IRS to track your tax payments and ensure compliance with U.S. tax laws. If you are claiming any dependents who are also foreign nationals and do not have SSNs, they will also need ITINs.

What appeared impossible and such a daunting task has now become a manageable process with the completion of all this in sight.
If you are issued an ITIN for tax filing purposes, you’ll have to renew it as necessary.
Tax professionals can also help you understand the ITIN expiration rules and determine whether your ITIN needs to be renewed.
The IRS website provides updates on processing times and delays.
Understanding how tax treaties interact with ITIN requirements is crucial for foreign nationals who have U.S. tax obligations.

The IRS mails a CP48 Notice to all taxpayers whose ITIN is set to expire during that year. However, the absence of a letter isn’t enough to be sure your identification number is active. Expats can move frequently, the IRS may have an incorrect mailing address on file, and it’s possible it was lost in the mail. You don’t need an ITIN to apply for an extension of time to file your tax return. If you’re a resident or nonresident alien who’s not eligible for an SSN, you can file a joint tax return with a spouse who’s a U.S. citizen or resident alien.

Get the Checklist

An Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) is essential for individuals who file taxes in the United States but are not eligible for a Social Security Number. An expired ITIN can cause delays or complications with tax returns and refunds, making it important to keep it up to date. Yes, the family option to renew ITINS for the entire family at the same time remains available. Even if members of your family have an ITIN with middle digits that have not been identified for expiration they can be renewed at the same time. The family members who received a renewal letter from the IRS can choose to renew the family’s ITINs together.

Use the services of an IRS-authorized Certifying Acceptance Agent in order to apply for your ITIN in person. Working with CAAs means you don’t have to mail your documents to the IRS, especially if you’re not okay with mailing original documents. With the help of a CAA, your ITIN application will be checked to see if it’s correct, and your identification documents will be authenticated before being submitted. The best source of information about Individual Taxpayer Identification Numbers (ITINs) is the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) website.

Resident aliens who are ineligible for an SSN may also use an ITIN. Yes, under certain circumstances, an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN) can expire. The IRS implemented changes to the ITIN program, and it’s essential to understand these changes to avoid any issues with your tax filings. Generally, ITINs assigned before 2013, and that haven’t been used on a tax return within the last three years, have expired or will expire. The IRS introduced ITIN expiration rules to maintain the integrity of the tax system and ensure that ITINs are being used by individuals who genuinely need them for tax reporting purposes. This helps prevent misuse and ensures accurate tax reporting.

Since your return and any refunds you’re owed won’t be accepted with an invalid number, it’s important to be sure. After you have gathered the documents mentioned above, your next step is to start the application process. An ITIN can sometimes be used for other purposes where your identification needs to be verified. Banks, postal services, and private companies accept an ITIN card as your ID card if you cannot produce other documents. It is a unique tax processing number issued by the IRS to every U.S. citizen who is, for whatever reason, not eligible for an SSN, which is issued by the Social Security Administration (SSA).

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What is a Purchases Journal? Definition Meaning Example

Progreso — Fri, 27 Oct 2023 16:17:08 +0000

With advanced automation, real-time data synchronization, and user-friendly interfaces, HighRadius helps businesses maintain accurate and efficient financial records. By leveraging HighRadius’ technology, businesses can enhance their financial processes, ensuring accurate and timely journal entries that support overall financial health. Thus the Accounts payable account debits as the liability gets settled with the corresponding credit to the cash accounts as there is the cash outflow to the vendor.

Purchase journal Entries:

Once the purchasing department confirms that goods have been received, the invoice goes to accounts for payment.
Under the perpetual system, the amount of inventory purchase is posted to the inventory account while, under the periodic system, it is posted to the purchase account instead.
It is worth mentioning that only the credit purchase of goods is recorded in such journals, and any capital expenditure is excluded.
For example, credit purchases should be an increase in credit as it is the liabilities.
These companies would keep multiple sales journals to track the sales of each product.

When a businessman places an order for goods that Certified Public Accountant he needs, the seller of the goods makes out an invoice. The top copy (first copy) of this invoice is received by the purchaser and is recorded in the purchases journal. There may be several of these invoices arriving every day, possibly as many hundred. They will all be the top copies of other selling firm’s invoices and the purchase journal will be written on the basis of these invoices.

Merchandise purchased example

Although there is an increase in accounts payable or cash out here, the cost has not occurred yet.
Journal aggregation means that you summarize a period of spending from a purchase journal and add it as an entry to the general journal ledger.
These examples highlight how inventory purchases impact a company’s accounting records, affecting both the balance sheet and cash flow, depending on whether the purchase was made in cash or on credit.
Each accounting team develops its own reporting periods for aggregation.
Likewise, the journal entry for merchandise purchased under the perpetual inventory system is different from the journal entry for merchandise purchased under the periodic inventory system.

Journal entries for purchase credit are recorded in one of the special ledgers, namely the purchase journal. However, now that businesses are leveraging accounting systems to record transactions, the use of special journals is decreasing slowly, and all transactions are recorded in a single place. Accounting uses seven different journal books to keep track of accounts and record similar transactions. A purchase journal is a particular journal that functions to register the credit purchase of merchandise.

Double entry related to credit purchase for resalable purpose

He has worked as an accountant and consultant for more than 25 years and has built financial models for all types of industries. He has been the CFO or controller of both small and medium sized companies and has run small businesses of his own. He has been a manager and an auditor with Deloitte, a big 4 accountancy firm, and holds a degree from Loughborough University. The company can also review and verify the inventory on October 12, 2020, by comparing the inventory in the account record with the physical inventory count.

In the above example, 200 is posted to the ledger account of supplier ABC, 300 to supplier EFG, and 250 to supplier XYZ. When posting to the accounts payable ledger, a reference to the relevant page of the purchase journal would purchases journal be included. It should be noted that the purchase journal only includes credit purchases from suppliers and does not for example, include cash purchases or purchase returns. Cash purchases are included in another special journal called the cash disbursements journal, and purchase returns are included in the purchase returns journal or if not used, the general journal.

Journal entry for merchandise purchased

This is important to ensure that it presents financial statements that are valid and accurate and have usability as a reference for business people in preparing operational strategies for the next accounting period.
This increases the inventory, reflecting the addition of gardening tools.
Suppose XYZ company is starting a new fiscal year on January 1st, 2025.
The creditor’s account or account payable account will be credited to the company’s books of accounts.
Let us understand the advantages of hiring a purchase ledger clerk who ensures all entries relating to this account are maintained in a meticulous manner.
On 1st July 2019, it purchased some goods from one of its vendors on credit worth $ 250,000.

And after closing entries, the purchase account will have zero balance. On the other hand, if we purchase the goods using cash, we will credit the cash account instead as a result of the cash outflow from our business. Do we recognize purchase when the goods are dispatched bookkeeping and payroll services by the supplier, when we receive the goods, or when we pay supplier in respect of those goods?

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How to calculate Retained Earnings Formula

Progreso — Fri, 06 Oct 2023 15:44:30 +0000

Non-cash items such as write-downs or impairments and stock-based compensation also affect the account. As an investor, one would like to know much more—such as the returns that the retained earnings have generated and if they were better than any alternative investments. Additionally, investors may prefer to see larger dividends rather than significant annual increases to retained earnings.

How Retained Earnings Reflect Company Growth

Undistributed earnings are retained for reinvestment back into the business, such as for inventory and fixed asset purchases or paying off liabilities. A negative balance in the retained earnings account is called an accumulated deficit. Retained earnings can be located in the equity section of the balance sheet, typically under the shareholders’ equity section. Sometimes, a statement of retained earnings accompanies the financial statements, detailing the starting balance, any net income or loss, dividends paid, and the ending retained earnings.

What is the formula for the retained earnings ratio?

Retained earnings can typically be found on a company’s balance sheet in the shareholders’ equity section.
Overall, Coca-Cola’s positive growth in retained earnings despite a sizeable distribution in dividends suggests that the company has a healthy income-generating business model.
The closing balance is reported as the last item in the statement of retained earnings.
To calculate Retained Earnings, the beginning Retained Earnings balance is added to the net income or loss and then dividend payouts are subtracted.
In the first case, for example, the company’s earned money would permanently disappear from the accounts and books due to the irreversible nature of dividend payments.

Retained Earnings account shows the total of your company’s income and expenses from all previous years, Flor. Companies typically calculate the change in retained earnings over one year, but you could also calculate a statement of retained earnings for a month or a quarter if you want. Here’s how to prepare a statement of retained earnings for your business. Learn more about retained earnings and how to calculate it, along with frequently asked questions and a free balance sheet template.

How to Prepare a Statement of Retained Earnings

If the company is not profitable, net loss for the year is included in the subtractions along with any dividends to the owners. For stakeholders, tracking the trajectory of retained earnings can provide a clear picture of the firm’s financial health and managerial prudence. In a business landscape where long-term sustainability is key, retained earnings stand as a testament to a company’s ability to balance immediate shareholder rewards with future ambitions. The concepts of owner’s equity and retained earnings are used to represent the ownership of a http://odessa-sport.info/basketbol/basketbol-novosti/28912-basketbol-obl-opredelilsya-pobeditel-turnira-challenge-cup-business.html business and can relate to different forms of companies. Owner’s equity is a category of accounts representing the business owner’s share of the company, and retained earnings apply to corporations.

Statement of Retained Earnings

Here’s how to show changes in retained earnings from the beginning to the end of a specific financial period. Retained earnings are often reinvested by the company, into the company, to pay off debts, buy new equipment, or be used in research and development. The first entry on the statement should state the balance carried over from http://www.modernfamilytv.ru/heroes/ty_burrell.php the previous year (beginning retained earnings). Let’s dive into two hypothetical companies to see how effectively managing retained earnings can either bolster growth and stability or signal financial distress. We’ll look at “Efficient Tech Solutions” as our success story and “Struggling Retail Co.” as an example of challenges with retained earnings.

Add Net Income

This helps investors in particular get a snapshot view of the profitability of your business. Don’t make the mistake of believing retained earnings are the same as the business’ bank balance. They’re sometimes called retained trading profits or earnings surplus. In this article, we highlight what the term means, why retained earnings important and how to calculate them. If the company is experiencing a net loss on its Income Statement, then the net loss is subtracted from the existing retained earnings.

As a company evolves and expands, tracking fluctuations in retained earnings becomes crucial for stakeholders. By observing these changes, they can deduce the management’s approach towards reinvesting profits or distributing them as dividends. Essentially, think of retained earnings as a financial barometer, capturing the historical highs and https://www.doclist.ru/article/buxgalterija/2039.html lows of a company’s financial decisions and operational achievements. Retained earnings consist of the surplus profits left after paying out dividends to shareholders at the end of an accounting period or financial year.

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Operating Expenses OpEx: Definition, Examples, Formula

Progreso — Thu, 04 May 2023 07:25:23 +0000

It also allows the business to focus its resources (including time and manpower) on its core competencies, thus potentially improving overall performance and profitability. However, businesses must https://bourgas.ru/yuzhnyy-sosed-bolgarii-greciya-otkryvaet-plyazhi/ be careful to maintain control and oversight of outsourced processes to ensure quality and efficacy. Strategic outsourcing is another often-used operational cost management strategy. This involves delegating certain non-core tasks or functions of the business to external agencies or specialists. These functions could range from IT services, accounting, customer service, or manufacturing processes. While capital costs have an immediate impact on cash flow – the purchase of an asset results in an outflow of cash – the impact on the income statement is gradual and spread across years.

These costs are essential for keeping the business running smoothly, and they are not directly related to the production of a product or service.
This approach not only prevents unnecessary spending but also promotes proactive management, investment, and growth strategies that align with the overall financial direction of the business.
Operating expenses are the expenses that arise from daily, core operational activities conducted by a company.
For example, outsourcing IT services to a dedicated provider ensures access to advanced technology and skilled professionals the need to maintain an expensive in-house team.
When a business borrows money, it comes with the cost of paying interest and finance charges.

Impact of Operating Expenses on Financial Statements

It’s vital for businesses seeking investment or preparing for sale to have a strategic focus on optimizing their operating expenses. Operating expenses positively or negatively affect the cash flow depending on how much money you spend to run business operations. The higher operating expenses mean lower business profits, which will make it difficult to cover other essential costs. In conclusion, operating expenses are an irrefutable cost as long as you want to keep your business operations up and running. What’s important is you should keep them well organized and calculate them periodically to accomplish profit goals and eradicate overspending. Marketing costs incurred in a bid to promote your products or services are essential for customer acquisition, and brand awareness.

Additional Resources

For example, a marketing team coordinating with sales can avoid duplicate efforts and maximize the impact of campaigns. Cross-departmental collaboration fosters a unified approach to managing operating costs efficiently. Prioritizing costs that directly impact productivity, customer satisfaction, or profit margins ensures optimal allocation of resources. COGS refers to the direct costs incurred in producing goods or delivering services, including materials and labor. It is a critical KPI because it directly impacts gross profit and overall profitability. Sustainable profitability is the goal of every business and is achieved by managing operating costs without compromising long-term growth.

Fixed Operating Expenses

As technology advances, more sophisticated AI-driven solutions will further optimize business operations, resulting in reduced operating http://sreda-tv.ru/serial-gryaznye-mokrye-dengi-dirty-sexy-money-2-sezon-onlajn/ expenses. As businesses across various industries continue to evolve, the integration of automation and technology is playing an increasingly significant role in shaping the future of operating expenses. Companies are embracing innovative solutions to streamline processes, reduce costs, and enhance efficiency. For instance, a business with high operating expenses may be less attractive to investors and lenders as it could struggle to maintain adequate cash flows.

RESOURCES

Purchasing machinery, for example, is considered a capital expenditure, whereas, repair and maintenance of the machinery is considered an operating expense. Distinguishing between operating and non-operating expenses in financial reports is important. Non-operating expenses, such as interest expenses or losses from asset sales, are typically reported separately from operating expenses.

Unlike operating expenses, these costs are usually fixed, meaning they can be the same amount over time. http://tv-agent.net/news/tv/373-sergey-kurginyan-ushel-s-telekanala-rossiya-1.html Operating expenses are found on the income statement and are components of operating income. Most income statements exclude interest expenses and income taxes from operating expenses. Fixed costs in your income statement are also reflected on your balance sheet and cash flow statement.

Operating Expenses: What Does it Mean & How to Calculate it

In financial accounting, capital costs are not fully expensed during the purchasing year because their benefits extend over a long period. Instead, they are capitalized as an asset and then depreciated or amortized over their useful economic lives. This spreading out of costs allows a better match between expenditure and the income generated from these assets. It also reduces the tax liability in the first years of purchase as depreciation and amortization are tax-deductible. By understanding the difference between fixed and variable costs, it becomes easier to allocate resources, set appropriate pricing, and ultimately, improve profitability. These expenses are a challenge because they need to be paid even when a business is not generating sufficient revenue.

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